خیشومی نرمکامی

خیشومی نرمکامی یک صامت است که در گفتار برخی از زبان‌های جهان به کار می‌رود. نماد این همخوان در الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی ⟨ŋ⟩ است.[1]

ŋ
شماره IPA119
کدبندی
محتوا (اعشاری)ŋ
یونیکد (شانزدهتایی)U+014B
الفبای آواییN
کیرشنبامN
 

در زبان کردی جنوبی(زبان لکی، کلهری، گورانی، فیلی) نیز کاربرد دارد، واکه فوق هنگام چسبیدن "ن " و "گ " صدای نون تو دماغی فوق را دارد که نمونه انگلیسی آن مثل ring یا among تلفظ می‌شود مانند واژه‌های کردی مانْگْ، دَنْگْ

نمونه
زبانواژهIPAمعنیتوضیحات
آلبانیاییngaqë[ŋɡacə]'چونکه'
آلیوتی[2]chaang[tʃɑːŋ]'پنج'
عربیبعضی لهجه‌هاإنکار[ʔɪŋˈkʰɑːr]'نپذیرفتن'Allophone of /n/ before /k/; more commonly realized as [n].
ارمنیشرقی[3]ընկեր[əŋˈkɛɾ]'دوست'Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants
آسامیৰং[rɔŋ]'رنگ'
بامباراییŋonI[ŋoni]'گیتار'
باشقیری мең / meñ [mɪ̞ŋ] 'نه'
باسکیhanka[haŋka]'ران'
بنگالیরঙ[rɔŋ]'رنگ'
بلغاری[4]тънко[ˈtɤŋko]'باریک، نازک'
کاتالانی[5]sang[ˈsaŋ(k)]'خون'
کردی جنوبیمانگا[maŋa]'ماده گاو'این صامت در تمام گویش‌های کردی جنوبی (لکی،‌ گورانی، کلهوری،‌ کرماشانی، کلیایی،‌ فیلی، زنگنه‌ای،‌ خزلی، سنجابی، کرندی، گروسی، ملکشاهی، ...) وجود دارد.
ChineseCantonese昂[ŋɔːŋ˩]'raise'See Cantonese phonology
Eastern Min疑[ŋi]'suspect'
Gan牙[ŋa]'tooth'
Hakka我[ŋai]'I'
Mandarin北京[peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥]'Beijing'Restricted to the syllable coda. See Mandarin phonology
Northern Min外[ŋui]'outside'
Southern Min黃[ŋ̍]'yellow'Only in colloquial speech.
Sichuanese我[ŋɔ]'I'
Wu五[ŋ˩˧]'five'
Xiang熬[ŋau]'to boil'
Yuci dialect of Jin我[ŋie]'I'
Chukchiӈыроӄ[ŋəɹoq]'three'
Czechtank[taŋk]'tank'See Czech phonology
Dinkaŋa[ŋa]'who'
Danishsang[sɑŋˀ]'song'See Danish phonology
Dutch[6]angst[ɑŋst]'fear'See Dutch phonology
Englishsing [sɪŋ] 'sing'Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology
Faroeseong[ɔŋk]'meadow'
Fijiangone[ˈŋone]'child'
Filipinongayón[ŋaˈjon]'now'
Finnishkangas[ˈkɑŋːɑs]'cloth'Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally (as a geminate) and before /k/. See Finnish phonology
French[7]camping[kɑ̃piŋ]'camping'Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology
Galicianunha[ˈuŋa]'one' (f.)
Germanlang[laŋ]'long'See Standard German phonology
Greekάγχος/anchos['aŋxo̞s]'Stress'See Modern Greek phonology
HebrewStandardאנגלית[aŋɡˈlit]'English language'Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Sephardiעין[ŋaˈjin]'Ayin'See Sephardi Hebrew
Hiligaynonbuang[bu'äŋ]'crazy/mentally unstable'
Hindustaniरंग / رنگ[rəŋɡ]'color'See Hindi–Urdu phonology
Hungarianing[iŋɡ]'shirt'Allophone of /n/. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandicgöng[ˈkœy̯ŋk]'tunnel'See Icelandic phonology
Indonesianbangun[bäŋʊn]'wake up'
Inuktitutᐴᙳᐆᖅ/puunnguuq[puːŋŋuːq]'dog'
Inuvialuktunqamnguiyuaq[qamŋuijuaq]'snores'
Irisha nglór[ˌə̃ ˈŋl̪ˠoːɾˠ]'their voice'Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology
Italian[8]anche[ˈaŋke]'also'Allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Italian phonology
Itelmenқниң[qniŋ]'one'
JapaneseStandard南極/nankyoku[naŋkʲokɯ]'the South Pole'See Japanese phonology
Eastern dialects[9]鍵/kagi[kaŋi]'key'
Kagayanen[10]manang[manaŋ]'older sister'
Kazakhмың/myń[məŋ]'thousand'
Kyrgyzмиң[miŋ]'thousand'
Ketаяң[ajaŋ]'to damn'
Khasingap[ŋap]'honey'
Korean방/bang[pɐŋ]'room'See Korean phonology
Luxembourgish[11]keng[kʰæŋ]'nobody'See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonianaнглиски[ˈaŋɡliski]'English'Occurs occasionally as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Macedonian phonology
Lugandaŋaaŋa[ŋɑːŋɑ]'hornbill'
Malaybangun[bäŋon]'wake up'
Malayalam[2]മാങ്ങ[maːŋŋɐ]'mango'
Māori[12]ngā[ŋaː]'the'
Marathiरंग[rəŋə]'colour'See Marathi phonology
Mariеҥ[jeŋ]'human'
Nganasanӈаӈ[ŋaŋ]'mouth'
Nivkhңамг[ŋamɡ]'seven'
North FrisianMooringkåchelng[ˈkɔxəlŋ]'stove'
Norwegiangang[ɡɑŋ]'hallway'See Norwegian phonology
Punjabiਵੰਙ[vəŋ]'bangle'
Persianرنگ[ræːŋ]'color'See Persian phonology
Pipilnemanha[nemaŋa]'later'
Polish[13]bank[bäŋk]'bank'Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/; post-palatal before /kʲ, ɡʲ/.[14][15] See Polish phonology
Portuguesemanga[ˈmɐ̃(ŋ)ɡɐ]'mango'Occurs occasionally in slow, careful speech, as an allophone of /n/ before /ɡ/ and /k/, when the speaker does not delete the /n/ by fusing it with the preceding vowel.
OccitanProvençalvin[viŋ]'wine'
Rapanuihanga[haŋa]'bay'Sometimes written ⟨g⟩ in Rapanui
RomanianȚara Moților Transylvanian[16]câine[kɨŋi]'dog'Corresponds to [n] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[17]stanka[stâːŋka]'pause'Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ/.[17] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sericomcáac[koŋˈkaak]'Seri people'
Shonananga[ŋaŋɡa]'witch doctor'
Slovenetank[taŋk]'tank'
Spanish[18]All dialectsdomingo[d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞]'Sunday'Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Spanish phonology
Galician Spanish, Andalusian, Canarian, and most Latin American dialectsalquitrán[alkitˈɾaŋ]'tar'Allophone of /n/ in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause.
Swahili ng'ombe [ŋombɛ] 'cow'
Swedishingenting[ɪŋɛnˈtʰɪŋ]'nothing'See Swedish phonology
Tamilஇங்கே[iŋgeː]'here'
Thaiงาน[ŋaːn]'work'
Tuamotuan rangi/ragi [raŋi]'sky'
Tundra Nenetsӈэва[ŋæewa]'head'
TurkishAnkara[ˈaŋkaɾa]'Ankara'Allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Turkish phonology
Turkmenmüň[myŋ]'thousand'
Uzbekming[miŋ]'thousand'
Venetianman[maŋ]'hand'
Vietnamese[19]ngà[ŋaː˨˩]'ivory'See Vietnamese phonology
Welshrhwng[r̥ʊŋ]'between'
West Frisiankening[ˈkeːnɪŋ]'king'
Yiꉢ/nga[ŋa˧]'I'
Yup'ikungungssiq[uŋuŋssiq]'animal'
ZapotecTilquiapan[20]yan[jaŋ]'neck'Word-final allophone of lenis /n/

منابع
  1. Velar nasal. (2016, February 12). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:11, February 21, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velar_nasal&oldid=704566293
  2. Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  3. Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 19.
  4. Sabev, Mitko. "Bulgarian Sound System". Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  5. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  6. Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  7. Wells (1989), p. 44.
  8. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 118.
  9. Okada (1999), p. 118.
  10. Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
  11. Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  12. Reed (2001).
  13. Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  14. Gussmann (1974), pp. 107, 111 and 114.
  15. Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000), pp. 35, 41 and 86.
  16. Pop (1938), p. 31.
  17. Landau et al. (1999:67)
  18. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
  19. Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  20. Merrill (2008), p. 109.
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