تک‌گروه

تک‌گروه یا تک‌لاد یا هاپلوگروه (به انگلیسی: Haplogroup) مجموعه‌ای از هاپلوتیپ‌های مشابه هستند که دارای نیای مشترک و جهش‌های ژنی پلی‌مرفیسم تک‌نوکلئوتید هستند. جهش‌های ژنی را می‌توان به عنوان یک تک‌گروه در نظر گرفت. هر جهش یک هاپلوتیپ را تشکیل می‌دهد که از مجموع هاپلوتیپ‌های مشابه یک هاپلوگروه یا تک‌گروه ایجاد می‌شود. به عبارتی، اگر دو یا سه جهش در ژنها صورت بگیرد، می‌توان این جهش‌ها را در یک هاپلوگروه به صورت هاپلوگروه C ،B ،A و... قرار داد.

تک‌گروه‌ها شاخه‌ای از دانش ژنتیک انسانی هستند و هر تک‌گروه مطابق با مهاجرت‌های اولیهٔ بشر به قاره‌ها یا مناطق جغرافیایی مختلف است. در ژنتیک انسانی، تک‌گروه‌هایی که بیشترین تحقیق روی آنها انجام گرفته شده تک‌گروه‌های دی‌ان‌ای کروموزومِ Y (که از پدر به پسر منتقل می‌شوند) و تک‌گروه‌های دی‌ان‌ای میتوکندری (که از مادر به فرزند منتقل می‌شوند) هستند.

ژنتیک جمعیت برپایهٔ تک‌گروه

تک‌گروه‌های دی‌ان‌ای کروموزومِ Y

تک‌گروه‌های دی‌ان‌ای کروموزومِ Y انسان (دی‌ان‌ای Y) (برپایهٔ گروه قومی · هاپلوتیپ‌های معروف)

"آدم کروموزوم Y"

A00

A0-T[χ 1]

A0

A1[χ 2]

A1a

A1b

A1b1

BT

B

CT

DE

CF

D

E

C

F

F1

F2

F3

GHIJK

G

HIJK

IJK

H

IJ

K

I

J

LT[χ 3]

K2[χ 4]

L

T

K2a[χ 5]

K2b[χ 6]

K2c

K2d

K2e[χ 7]

K-M2313

K2b1[χ 8]

P[χ 9]

NO

S[χ 10]

M[χ 11]

P1

P2

N

O

Q

R

Y-DNA by population
Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people

Footnotes

Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and the new subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".
Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).
Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

گروه‌های بدون جهش ژنی M168

A
B

گروه‌های با جهش ژنی M168

D
E
- E1b1a
- E1b1b

گروه‌های با جهش ژنی M89

F
G
H
IJK
R
- R1a
- R1b

جستارهای وابسته

منابع

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا. «Haplogroup». در دانشنامهٔ ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، بازبینی‌شده در ۲۱ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۹.

پیوند به بیرون

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[A0-T-1] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-2] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[LT-3] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-4] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2a-5] Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and the new subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".

[K2b-6] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2e-7] Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).

[K2b1-8] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-9] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[S-10] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-11] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)