فهرست ریشه نام عنصرهای شیمیایی

این مقاله فهرستی از ریشه‌شناسی نام عنصرهای شیمیایی جدول تناوبی است.

عناصر شیمیایی جدول تناوبی در طول تاریخ نام‌های گوناگونی دریافت کرده‌اند.

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جدول تناوبی
شکل‌های جدول تناوبی ۱۸ ستون · ۳۲ ستون شکل‌های جایگزین و گسترده
تاریخ جدول تناوبی دمیتری مندلیف پیش‌بینی‌ها کشف عنصرها نام‌گذاری و ریشه‌یابی برای اماکن برای افراد controversies (در شرق آسیا) نام سیستماتیک
دسته‌های عناصر شیمیایی
برپایه ساختار جدول تناوبی گروه (۱ تا ۱۸) ۱ (فلزهای قلیایی) ۲ (فلزهای قلیایی خاکی) ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸ ۹ ۱۰ ۱۱ ۱۲ ۱۳ ۱۴ ۱۵ (پنیکتوژن) ۱۶ (کالکوژن) ۱۷ (هالوژن) ۱۸ (گاز نجیب) دوره (۱ تا ۷ و ...) ۱ ۲ ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸+ بلوک (s, p, d, f, ...) اوربیتال اتمی اصل آفبا
برپایه فلز، شبه‌فلز و نافلز فلز فلز قلیایی فلز قلیایی خاکی فلز واسطه فلز پس‌واسطه لانتانیدها آکتینیدها (سوپرآکتنیدها) شبه‌فلز خط جداکننده فلزها و نافلزها نافلز نافلزها گاز نجیب
برپایه دیگر ویژگی‌ها فلز مسکوک فلز گروه پلاتین فلز گران‌بها فلز دیرگداز فلز سنگین فلز سبک فلز بومی فلز نجیب گروه اصلی کمیاب عنصرهای Transuranium و فراپلوتونیوم Major، minor و عنصر فوق سنگین
عنصر
فهرست عناصر جدول تناوبی برپایه فراوانی (بدن انسان) برپایه ویژگی‌های اتمی پایداری ایزوتوپ‌ها by annual production برپایه نشان
ویژگی‌های عنصرها جرم اتمی نسبی ساختار بلوری الکترون‌خواهی آرایش الکترونی الکترونگاتیوی (Allen, Pauling) Goldschmidt classification مواد مغذی معدنی ظرفیت شیمیایی
صفحه‌های اطلاعات عناصر فراوانی شعاع اتمی نقطه جوش نقطه بحرانی چگالی کشسانی مقاومت الکتریکی الکترون‌خواهی آرایش الکترونی الکترونگاتیوی سختی ظرفیت گرمایی گرمای گداخت گرمای نهان انرژی یونش نقطه ذوب عدد اکسایش سرعت صوت Thermal رسانندگی گرمایی / expansion coefficient فشار بخار
رده درگاه شیمی

پیشینه

در طول تاریخ شیمی، چندین عنصر شیمیایی کشف شده‌است. در قرن نوزدهم، دمیتری مندلیف جدول تناوبی را فرموله کرد، جدولی که ساختار عنصرها را توصیف می‌کند. از آنجا که عنصرها در زمان‌ها و مکان‌های گوناگون، از دوران باستان تا به امروز کشف شده‌اند، نام آن‌ها از چندین زبان و فرهنگ گرفته شده‌است.

جدول

عنصر			سرچشمهٔ زبانی	عبارت ریشه	معنی	سرچشمهٔ نام گذاری	توضیح
1	هیدروژن	H	در اصل یونانی به واسطهٔ لاتین و فرانسوی	ὕδωρ (ریشه: ὑδρ-) + -γενής (-ژن)	آب‌ساز	توصیفی	از عبارت فرانسوی hydrogène[1] و لاتین hydro- و -genes، برگرفته از عبارت یونانی ὕδωρ γείνομαι (hydor geinomai)، به معنی "من آب می‌زایم".
2	هلیم	He	یونانی	ἥλιος (هلیوس)	خورشید	ستاره‌شناسی؛ افسانه‌ای	نام‌گذاری از عبارت یونانی ἥλιος (هلیوس)، که به معنی خورشید در آسمان یا خورشید خدای یونانی است.[2] این عنصر از طیف‌سنجی پرتوهای خورشید شناسایی شد.
3	لیتیم	Li	یونانی	λίθος (لیتوس)	سنگ		از عبارت یونانی λίθος (لیتوس) به معنی "سنگ"، چون از روی سنگ معدنی شناسایی شد در حالی که دیگر عناصر قلیایی مانند سدیم و پتاسیم از بافت‌های گیاهی شناسایی شدند.
4	بریلیم	Be	زبان سانسکریت، پالی و پراکریت به واسطۀ یونانی، لاتین و فرانسوی باستان و انگلیسی میانه	شهر بلور و عبارت یونانی βήρυλλος (بریلوس)	زمرد (بریل).	توصیفی (از روی رنگ): بریل	βήρυλλος beryllos، denoting beryl، which contains beryllium.[3] The word is derived (via Latin: beryllus and French: béryl) from the Greek βήρυλλος، bērullos، a blue-green spar، from Prakrit veruliya (वॆरुलिय)، from Pāli veḷuriya (वेलुरिय)؛ veḷiru (भेलिरु) or، viḷar (भिलर्)، "to become pale،" in reference to the pale semiprecious gemstone beryl.[4] The word is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit word वैडूर्य vaidurya، which might be related to the name of the Indian city of Belur.[5]
5	بور	B	زبان عربی، لاتین قرون وسطی، زبان آنگلو-نورمن، فرانسوی میانه، و انگلیسی میانه	بورق (buraq)		از عبارت لاتین بوراکس که خود از بوره از فارسی (عربی) آمده	از عبارت عربی بورق (buraq)، که ریشه در ماده بوراکس دارد. که احتمالاً ریشه در زبان فارسی و عبارت بوره (burah) دارد. بوره وارد عربی و سپس وارد زبان لاتین قرون وسطی شد و به شکل baurach، درآمد پس از آن وارد آنگلو-نورمن شد و به شکل boreis در آمد این عبارت در انگلیسی میانه به شکل boras، پذیرفته شد که ریشهٔ نام امروزی آن در انگلیسی به صورت "boron" (بور) است.
6	کربن	C	لاتین به واسطهٔ فرانسوی	carbone	زغال	لاتین کاربو	از عبارت فرانسوی کاربن، which in turn came from Latin carbō، which means "charcoal" and is related to carbōn، which means "a coal". (The German and زبان هلندی names، "Kohlenstoff" and "koolstof"، respectively، both literally mean "coal matter".) These words were derived from the زبان نیا-هندواروپایی base *ker- meaning heat، fire، or to burn.[6]
7	نیتروژن	N	Greek via Latin and French	νίτρον (Latin: nitrum) -γενής (-genes)	native-soda begetter	descriptive	From French "nitrogène"،[7] derived from Greek νίτρον γείνομαι (nitron geinomai)، meaning "I form/beget native-soda (niter)".[8] Also used was azoth، from Andalusian Arabic al-zuq، from the Classical Arabic name of the element.
8	اکسیژن	O	Greek via French	ὀξύ γείνομαι (oxy geinomai)/oxygène	to bring forth acid		From Greek ὀξύ γείνομαι (oxy geinomai)، which means "Ι bring forth acid"، as it was believed to be an essential component of acids. This phrase was corrupted into the French oxygène، which became the source of the English "oxygen".[9]
9	فلوئور	F	Latin	fluor	a flowing		From فلئوریت، one of its ترکیب شیمیاییs (calcium fluoride، CaF2).
10	نئون	Ne	Greek	νέος (neos)	new		From Greek "νέος" (neos)، which means "new".
11	سدیم	Na	English	soda			From the English "بی‌کربنات سدیم"، used in names for رده:ترکیب‌های سدیم such as سدیم هیدروکسید، سدیم کربنات، and بی‌کربنات سدیم. Probably from Italian sida (or directly from Medieval Latin soda) "a kind of saltwort،" from which soda was obtained، of uncertain origin.[10] The symbol Na is from the لاتین نوین noun natrium، derived from Greek νίτρον (nítron)، "natural soda، a kind of نمک (شیمی)" + Latin -ium.[11] The original source is either the Arabic word نطرون natrun or the زبان‌های مصری word netjeri.[12]
12	منیزیم	Mg	Greek	Μαγνησία (Magnesia)		جای‌نام	From the Ancient Greek Μαγνησία (Magnesia) (district in تسالی)، where discovered.
13	آلومینیوم	Al	Latin	alumen	زاج (literally: bitter salt)[13]	Latin زاج	Latin زاج، which means "زاج" (literally "bitter salt").
14	سیلیسیم	Si	Latin	silex، -icis	flint	descriptive	From Latin "silex" or "silicis"، which means "سنگ آتشزنه"، a kind of stone (chiefly silicon dioxide).
15	فسفر	P	Greek via Latin[14]	φῶς + -φόρος (phos + -phoros)	light-bearer	descriptive	From Greek φῶς + -φόρος (phos + phoros)، which means "light bearer"، because white phosphorus emits a faint glow upon exposure to اکسیژن. Phosphorus was the ancient name for زهره، or هسپروس، the (Morning Star).[2]
16	گوگرد	S	Latin زبان نیا-هندواروپایی	Old Latin sulpur (later sulphur، sulfur) PIE *swépl̥ (genitive *sulplós)، nominal derivative of *swelp.[15]	> PIE *swelp 'to burn'	Latin sulfur	The word came into Middle English from Anglo-Norman sulfre، itself derived through Old French soulfre from Late Latin sulfur.[16]
17	کلر	Cl	Greek	χλωρός (chlorós)	pale green[17]	descriptive (colour): Greek chloros	From Greek χλωρός (chlorós)، which means "yellowish green" or "greenish yellow"، because of the colour of the gas.
18	آرگون	Ar	Greek	ἀργόν (argon)	inactive	descriptive: argon	Greek argon means "inactive" (literally "slow").
19	پتاسیم	K	لاتین نوین via زبان هلندی and English[18]	potassa؛ potasch via پتاش[19]	pot-ash		From the English "پتاش"، which means "pot-ash" (potassium compound prepared from an قلیا extracted in a pot from the ash of burnt wood or tree leaves). Potash is a literal translation of the زبان هلندی potaschen، which means "pot ashes".[18] The symbol K is from the Latin name kalium، from زبان عربی القلي (al qalīy)، which means "calcined ashes".
20	کلسیم	Ca	Greek/Latin	χάλιξ/calx	χάλιξ means "pebble"، and calx means limestone[20]	Latin آهک	From Latin calx، which means "lime". Calcium was known as early as the first century when the روم باستان prepared آهک as اکسید کلسیم.
21	اسکاندیم	Sc	Latin	Scandia	Scandinavia	جای‌نام	Named from Latin Scandia، which means اسکاندیناوی؛ formerly eka-boron.[21]
22	تیتانیم	Ti	Greek	Τιτάν Titan (gen.: Τιτάνος)	Titans، sons of Gaia	mythological	For the "تیتان (اساطیر یونان)"، the first sons of گایا (افسانه) in Greek mythology.[2]
23	وانادیم	V	زبان نورس باستان	Vanadís	"Dís of the ونیر"	mythological	From Vanadís، one of the names of the ونیر goddess فریا in اساطیر اسکاندیناوی، because of multicoloured ترکیب شیمیاییs deemed beautiful.[2][22]
24	کروم	Cr	Greek via French	χρῶμα (chróma)	colour	descriptive (colour): Greek رنگ	From Greek χρῶμα (chróma)، "colour"، because of its multicoloured compounds. This word was adapted as the French chrome، and adding the suffix -ium created the English "chromium".[23]
25	منگنز	Mn	Greek via Latin، زبان ایتالیایی، and French	Μαγνησία (Magnesia؛ Medieval Latin: magnesia)	Magnesia	descriptive	From Latin Magnesia، ultimately from Greek؛ Magnesia evolved into "manganese" in زبان ایتالیایی and into "manganèse" in French.
26	آهن	Fe	Anglo-Saxon via انگلیسی میانه	īsern (earlier: īren/īsen) /yren/yron	holy metal or strong metal[24]	descriptive: Anglo-Saxon	From the انگلیسی باستان īsern which is derived from Proto-Germanic isarnan meaning "holy metal" or "strong metal". The symbol Fe is from Latin ferrum، meaning "iron".
27	کبالت	Co	German	Kobold	evil spirit	German kobold	From German Kobold، which means "evil spirit". The metal was named by miners، because it was poisonous and troublesome (آلودگی and degraded other mined elements، such as nickel). Other sources cite the origin in the silver miners' belief that cobalt had been placed by "Kobolds"، who had stolen the silver. Some also think that the name may have been derived from Greek κόβαλος، kobalos، which means "mine" and which may have common roots with kobold، goblin، and cobalt.
28	نیکل	Ni	زبان سوئدی via German[25]	Kopparnickel/ Kupfernickel	copper-coloured ore	descriptive	From the زبان سوئدی kopparnickel، meaning "copper-coloured ore"؛ this referred to the ore نیکلین from which it was obtained.[26]
29	مس	Cu	Greek? via Latin، زبان‌های ژرمنی غربی، انگلیسی باستان، and انگلیسی میانه[27]	Κύπριος (Kyprios)?	who/which is from قبرس	جای‌نام: Latin قبرس	Possibly derived from Greek Κύπριος (Kyprios) (which comes from Κύπρος (Kypros)، the Greek name of Cyprus) via Latin cuprum، West Germanic *kupar، Old English coper/copor، and Middle English coper. The Latin term، during the Roman Empire، was aes cyprium؛ "aes" was the generic term for copper alloys such as برنز). Cyprium means "قبرس" or "which is from Cyprus"، where so much of it was mined؛ it was simplified to cuprum and then eventually Anglicized as copper (Old English coper/copor).
30	روی	Zn	German	Zink	Cornet		From German Zink which is related to Zinken "prong، point"، probably alluding to its spiky crystals. May be derived from Old زبان فارسی.
31	گالیم	Ga	Latin	Gallia	Gaul (Ancient France)	جای‌نام	From Latin Gallia، which means گل (سرزمین) (Ancient France)، and also gallus، which means "rooster". The element was obtained as free metal by پل-امیل لکو د بویسباودران، who named gallium after France، his native land، and also، punningly، after himself، as Lecoq، which means "the خروس"، or in Latin، gallus. Gallium was called eka-aluminium by دمیتری مندلیف who predicted its existence.[21]
32	ژرمانیم	Ge	Latin	Germania	Germany	جای‌نام	From Latin Germania، which means "Germany". Germanium has also been called eka-silicon by Mendeleev.[21]
33	آرسنیک	As	زبان سریانی/زبان فارسی via Greek، Latin، فرانسوی باستان، and انگلیسی میانه	ἀρσενικόν (arsenikon)	orpiment	Greek نر	From Greek ἀρσενικόν (arsenikon)، which is adapted from the زبان سریانی ܠܐ ܙܐܦܢܝܐ (al) zarniqa[28] and زبان فارسی، زرنیخ (zarnik)، "yellow زرنیخ". Ἀρσενικόν (arsenikon) is paretymologically related to the Greek word ἀρσενικός (arsenikos)، which means "masculine" or "potent". These words were adapted as the Latin arsenicum and Old French arsenic، which is the source for the English arsenic.[28]
34	سلنیم	Se	Greek	σελήνη (selene)	moon	astrological؛ mythological	From Greek σελήνη (selene)، which means "Moon"، and also moon-goddess سلنه.[2]
35	برم	Br	Greek via French	βρόμος (brómos)[29]	dirt or stench (of he-goats)[30]	Greek بو	βρόμος (brómos) means "stench (lit. clangor)"، due to its characteristic smell.
36	کریپتون	Kr	Greek	κρυπτός (kryptos)	hidden	descriptive	From Greek κρυπτός (kryptos)، which means "hidden one"، because of its colourless، odorless، tasteless، gaseous properties، as well as its rarity in nature (like other گاز نجیبes).
37	روبیدیم	Rb	Latin	rubidus	deepest red	descriptive (colour)	From Latin rubidus، which means "deepest red"، because of the colour of a خط طیف نوری.
38	استرانسیم	Sr	گیلیک اسکاتلندی via English	Sròn an t-Sìthein؛ Strontian	proper name (literally: "nose [i.e.، 'point'] of the fairy hill)"	جای‌نام	Named after استرونتیانیت، the mineral. (Strontianite was named after the town of Strontian، the source of the mineral in اسکاتلند.)
39	ایتریم	Y	زبان سوئدی	Ytterby	proper name، literally: "outer village"	جای‌نام	Named after اکسید ایتریم (III)، the (اکسید) compound of yttrium. (The compound yttria was named after Ytterby، the village where the mineral gadolinite was also found.)
40	زیرکونیم	Zr	زبان سریانی/زبان فارسی via Arabic and German	ܙܐܪܓܥܢܥ zargono،[31] زرگون (zargûn)	gold-like		From زبان عربی زرکون (zarkûn). Derived from the زبان فارسی، زرگون (zargûn)، which means "gold-like". Zirkon is the German variant of these and is the origin of the English "zircon".[32]
41	نیوبیم	Nb	Greek	Νιόβη (Niobe)	snowy	mythological	Named after نیوبه، daughter of تانتالوس in Classical mythology.[2][22] The alternate name columbium comes from کلمبیا (نام)، personification of America.
42	مولیبدن	Mo	Greek	μόλυβδος (molybdos)	lead-like	descriptive	From Greek μόλυβδος (molybdos)، "lead".
43	تکنسیم	Tc	Greek	τεχνητός (technetos)	artificial	descriptive	From Greek τεχνητός (technetos)، which means "artificial"، because it was the first artificially produced element. Technetium has also been called eka-manganese.[21]
44	روتنیم	Ru	Latin	Ruthenia	Ruthenia، Kievan Rus' [33]	جای‌نام	From Latin Ruthenia، geographical نام خارجی و داخلی for روس کیف.
45	رودیم	Rh	Greek	ῥόδον (rhodon)	rose	descriptive (colour)	From Greek ῥόδον (rhodon)، which means "rose". From rose-red ترکیب شیمیایی.
46	پالادیم	Pd	Greek via Latin	Παλλάς (genitive: Παλλάδος) (Pallas)	little maiden[34]	astrological؛ mythological	Named after پالاس، the asteroid discovered two years earlier. (The asteroid was named after آتنا، goddess of wisdom and victory.)[2] The word Palladium is derived from Greek Παλλάδιον and is the neuter version of Παλλάδιος، meaning "of Pallas".[35]
47	نقره	Ag	زبان اکدی via انگلیسی باستان and انگلیسی میانه	𒊭𒁺𒁍/𒊭𒅈𒇥؛ siolfor/seolfor	to refine، smelt	Latin نقره	From the انگلیسی باستان، seolfor which was derived from Proto-Germanic *silubra-؛ compare Old High German silabar؛ and has cognates in زبان‌های بالتواسلاوی: اسلاوی کلیسایی: sĭrebro‎، لیتوانیایی: sidabras‎، زبان پروسی باستان sirablan. Possibly borrowed from زبان اکدی 𒊭𒅈𒇥 sarpu "refined silver" and related to 𒊭𒁺𒁍 sarapu "to refine، smelt".[36] Alternatively، possibly from one of the Pre-Indo-European languages، compare باسکی: zilar‎. The symbol Ag is from the Latin name argentum، which is derived from PIE *arg-ent-.
48	کادمیم	Cd	Greek/Latin	καδμεία (kadmeia)	کالامین دی or Cadmean earth	Greek kadmia	From Latin cadmia، which is derived from Greek καδμεία (kadmeia) and means "کالامین دی"، a cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals. Cadmium is named after کادموس (in Greek: Κάδμος Kadmos)، a character in Greek mythology and calamine is derived from Le Calamine، the French name of the بلژیک town of کلمی.
49	ایندیم	In	Greek via Latin and English	indigo		descriptive (colour)	Named after نیلی سیر، because of an indigo-coloured طیف گسیلی line. The English word indigo is from Spanish indico and Dutch indigo (from Portuguese endego)، from Latin indicum "indigo،" from Greek ἰνδικόν، indikon، "blue dye from India".
50	قلع	Sn	Anglo-Saxon via انگلیسی میانه	tin			Borrowed from a زبان نیا-هندواروپایی، and has cognates in several زبان‌های ژرمنی and زبان‌های سلتی languages.[37] The symbol Sn is from its Latin name stannum.
51	آنتیموان	Sb	Greek? via Medieval Latin and انگلیسی میانه[38]	ἀντί + μόνος (anti monos)؛ antimonium/ antimonie[39]	various		Possibly from Greek ἀντί + μόνος (anti monos)، approximately meaning "opposed to solitude"، as believed never to exist in pure form، or ἀντί + μοναχός (anti monachos) for "monk-killer" (in French folk etymology، anti-moine "monk's bane")، because many early alchemists were monks، and antimony is poisonous. This may also be derived from the فرعون (مصر باستانian)، Antos عمون (expression)، which could be translated as "bloom of the god Ammo". The symbol Sb is from Latin name stibium، which is derived from Greek Στίβι stíbi، a variant of στίμμι stimmi (genitive: στίμμεος or στίμμιδος)، probably a loan word from Arabic or Egyptian sdm meaning "eyepaint".[40] Littré suggests that the first form is derived from *stimmida، a hypothetical alternative حالت مفعولی of stimmi (the canonical accusative of the noun is the same as the nominative: stimmi). The Arabic word for the substance، as "mark" or "the cosmetic"، can appear as تحمیض، ثمود، وثمود، وثمود ithmid، athmoud، othmod or uthmod.[41]
52	تلوریم	Te	Latin	Tellus	Earth		From Latin tellus ("Earth").
53	ید	I	Greek via French	ἰώδης (iodes)	violet	descriptive (colour)	Named after the Greek ἰώδης (iodes)، which means "violet"، because of the colour of the gaseous phase. This word was adapted as the French iode، which is the source of the English "iodine".[42]
54	زنون	Xe	Greek	ξένος (xenos)	foreign		From the Greek adjective ξένος (xenos)، which means "foreign، a stranger".
55	سزیم	Cs	Latin	caesius	blue-gray[43] or sky blue	descriptive (colour): Latin caesius	From Latin caesius، which means "sky blue". Its identification was based upon the bright-blue lines in its spectrum، and it was the first element discovered by spectrum analysis.
56	باریم	Ba	Greek via لاتین نوین	βαρύς (barys)	heavy	Greek چگالی	βαρύς (barys) means "heavy". The oxide was initially called "barote"، then "baryta"، which was modified to "barium" to describe the metal. همفری دیوی gave the element this name because it was originally found in باریتین، which shares the same source.[44]
57	لانتان	La	Greek	λανθάνειν (lanthanein)	to lie hidden		From Greek lanthanein، "to lie (hidden)".
58	سریم	Ce	Latin	Ceres	grain، bread	astrological؛ mythological سرس	Named after the asteroid سرس، discovered two years earlier. (The asteroid، now classified as a dwarf planet، was named after سرس (اسطوره‌شناسی)، the goddess of fertility in Roman mythology.)[2] Ceres is derived from زبان نیا-هندواروپایی *ker-es- from base *ker- meaning to grow.[45][46]
59	پرازئودیمیم	Pr	Greek	πράσιος δίδυμος (prasios didymos)	green twin	descriptive	From Greek πράσιος δίδυμος (prasios didymos)، meaning "green twin"، because didymium separated into praseodymium and نئودیمیم، with نمک (شیمی)s of different colours؛ praseodymium oxide is green.
60	نئودیمیم	Nd	Greek	νέος δίδυμος (neos didymos)	new twin	descriptive	Derived from Greek νέος διδύμος (neos didymos)، which means "new twin"، because didymium separated into پرازئودیمیم and neodymium. The metals have different-coloured نمک (شیمی)s، which helps distinguish them.[47]
61	پرومتیم	Pm	Greek	Προμηθεύς (Prometheus)	forethought[48]	mythological	Named after پرومته، who stole the fire of heaven and gave it to mankind (in Classical mythology).[2]
62	ساماریم	Sm		Samarsky-Bykhovets، Vasili		هم‌نام	Named after samarskite، the mineral. (Samarskite was named after Colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets، a روسیهn mine official.)
63	یوروپیم	Eu	Ancient Greek	Εὐρώπη (Europe)	broad-faced or well-watered	جای‌نام؛ mythological	Named for Europe، where it was discovered. Europe was named after the fictional Phoenician princess ائوروپه.
64	گادولینیم	Gd		Gadolin، Johan		هم‌نام	Named in honour of یوهان گادولین، who was one of the founders of کشورهای نوردیک chemistry research، discovered ایتریم، and pioneered laboratory exercise teaching. (Gadolinite، the mineral، is also named for him.)
65	تربیم	Tb	زبان سوئدی	Ytterby	Proper name (literally: outer village)	جای‌نام	Named after Ytterby، the village in سوئد where the element was first discovered.
66	دیسپروزیم	Dy	Greek	δυσπρόσιτος (dysprositos)	hard to get at	descriptive	Derived from Greek δυσπρόσιτος (dysprositos)، which means "hard to get at".
67	هولمیم	Ho	Latin	Holmia	Stockholm	جای‌نام	Derived from Latin Holmia، which means استکهلم.
68	اربیم	Er	زبان سوئدی	Ytterby	proper name، literally: "outer village"	جای‌نام	Named after the village of Ytterby in سوئد، where large concentrations of yttria and erbia are located. Erbia and terbia were confused at this time. After 1860، what had been known as terbia was renamed erbia، and after 1877، what had been known as erbia was renamed terbia.
69	تولیم	Tm	Greek	Θούλη، Θύλη[49]	a mythical country	mythological	Named after Thule، an ancient Roman and Greek name (Θούλη، Θύλη) for a mythical country in the far north، perhaps اسکاندیناوی. By the same token، thulia، its اکسید.
70	ایتربیم	Yb	زبان سوئدی	Ytterby	proper name، literally: "outer village"	جای‌نام	Named after ytterbia، the (اکسید) compound of ytterbium. (The compound ytterbia was named after Ytterby، the سوئد village (near وکسهلم) where the mineral gadolinite was also found.)[22]
71	لوتتیم	Lu	Latin	Lutetia	Paris	جای‌نام	Named after the Latin Lutetia (زبان گلی for "place of mud")، the city of Paris.[22]
72	هافنیم	Hf	Latin	Hafnia	Copenhagen	جای‌نام	From Latin Hafnia، which means "کپنهاگ" of دانمارک.
73	تانتال	Ta	Greek	Τάνταλος (Tantalus)	Tantalus؛ possibly "the bearer" or "the sufferer"[50]	mythological	Named after the Greek Τάνταλος ("تانتالوس")، who was punished after death by being condemned to stand knee-deep in water. If he bent to drink the water، it drained below the level he could reach (in اساطیر یونانی). This was considered similar to tantalum's general non-reactivity (that is، "unreachability") because of its inertness (it sits among reagents and is unaffected by them).[2]
74	تنگستن	W	زبان سوئدی and زبان دانمارکی	tung sten	heavy stone	descriptive	From the زبان سوئدی and زبان دانمارکی "tung sten"، which means "heavy stone". The symbol W is from the زبان آلمانی name Wolfram، the historical spelling Wolfrahm translates literally to "wulf cream". The names wolfram or volfram are still used in زبان سوئدی and several other languages. [22]
75	رنیوم	Re	Latin	Rhenus	Rhine	جای‌نام	From Latin Rhenus، the river راین (رود).
76	اسمیم	Os	Greek via لاتین نوین	ὀσμή (osme)	a smell	descriptive	From Greek ὀσμή (osme)، meaning "a smell"؛ the tetroxide is foul-smelling.
77	ایریدیم	Ir	Greek via Latin	ἴρις (genitive: ἴριδος)	of rainbows	descriptive (colour)	Named after the Latin noun iris، which means "رنگین‌کمان، iris plant، iris of the eye"، because many of its salts are strongly coloured؛ ایریس was originally the name of the goddess of rainbows and a messenger in Greek mythology.[2]
78	پلاتین	Pt	Spanish via لاتین نوین	platina (del Pinto)	little silver (of the Pinto River)[51]	descriptive	From the Spanish، platina، which means "little silver"، because it was first encountered in a silver mine. Platina can also mean "stage (of a microscope)"، and the modern Spanish is platino. Platina is a diminutive of plata (silver)؛ it is a loan word from French plate or زبان اکسیتان plata (sheet of metal) and is the origin of the English "plate".[52]
79	طلا	Au	انگلیسی باستان via انگلیسی میانه	gold		descriptive (colour): Latin طلا	From the انگلیسی باستان، "gold"، from زبان نیا-هندواروپایی *ghel- meaning "yellow/ bright". Au is from Latin aurum، which means "shining dawn".[53]
80	جیوه	Hg	Latin	Mercurius	Mercury	mythological	Named after مرکوری (اسطوره‌شناسی)، the god of speed and messenger of the Gods، as was the عطارد named after the god. The symbol Hg is from the Greek words ὕδωρ and ἀργυρός (hydor and argyros)، which became the Latin hydrargyrum؛ both mean "water-silver"، because it is a liquid like water (at room temperature)، and has a silvery metallic sheen.[2][54]
81	تالیم	Tl	Greek	θαλλός (thallos)	green twig	descriptive	From Greek θαλλός (thallos)، which means "a green shoot (twig)"، because of its bright-green spectral خط طیف نوریs.
82	سرب	Pb	Anglo-Saxon	lead			The symbol Pb is from the Latin name plumbum، hence the English "plumbing".[2][55]
83	بیسموت	Bi	لاتین نوین from German	bisemutum	white mass	descriptive (colour): bisemutum	bisemutum is derived from German Wismuth، perhaps from weiße Masse، and means "white mass"، due to its appearance.
84	پولونیم	Po	Latin	Polonia	Poland	جای‌نام	Named after لهستان، homeland of discoverer ماری کوری. Was also called radium F.
85	آستاتین	At	Greek	ἄστατος (astatos)	unstable	Greek ناپایداری	ἄστατος (astatos) means "unstable".[56]
86	رادون	Rn	Latin via German and English[57]	رادیم			Contraction of رادیم رادون، since the element appears in the radioactive decay of radium. An alternative، rejected name was niton (Nt)، from Latin nitens "shining"، because of the radioluminescence of radon.
87	فرانسیم	Fr	French	France	proper name (Land of the Franks)	جای‌نام	Named for France، where it was discovered (at the Curie Institute (Paris)).
88	رادیم	Ra	Latin via French	radius	ray	descriptive	From Latin radius meaning "ray"، because of its واپاشی هسته‌ای.
89	اکتینیم	Ac	Greek	ἀκτίς (aktis)	beam	Greek پرتو (نورشناسی)	ἀκτίς، ἀκτῖνος (aktis؛ aktinos)، which means "beam (پرتو (نورشناسی))".
90	توریم	Th	زبان نورس باستان	Þōrr (modern English Thor)	thunder	mythological	Named after ثور (اساطیر)، a god associated with thunder in اساطیر اسکاندیناوی.[2] The former name ionium (Io) was given early in the study of radioactive elements to the ^230Th ایزوتوپ.
91	پروتاکتینیم	Pa	Greek	πρῶτος + ἀκτίς	first beam element	descriptive?	Derived from former name protoactinium، from the Greek prefix proto "first" + Neo-Latin actinium from Greek ἀκτίς (gen.: ἀκτῖνος) "ray" + Latin -ium.[58]
92	اورانیم	U	Greek via Latin	Οὐρανός (Ouranos)؛ Uranus	sky	astrological؛ mythological	Named after the planet اورانوس، which had been discovered eight years earlier in 1781. The planet was named after the god اورانوس (اسطوره)، the god of sky and بهشت in اساطیر یونانی.[2]
93	نپتونیوم	Np	Latin	Neptunus	Neptune	astrological؛ mythological	Named for نپتون، the planet. (The planet was named after the god نپتون (اسطوره‌شناسی)، the god of oceans in Roman mythology.)[2]
94	پلوتونیم	Pu	Greek via Latin	Πλούτων (Ploutōn) via Pluto	god of wealth[59]	astrological؛ mythological	Named after پلوتون، the سیاره کوتوله، because it was discovered directly after نپتونیوم and is higher than اورانیم in the جدول تناوبی، so by analogy with the ordering of the سیارهs. (The planet Pluto was named after پلوتون (اسطوره‌شناسی)، a Greek god of the dead)[2] Πλούτων (Ploutōn) is related to the Greek word πλοῦτος (ploutos) meaning "wealth".
95	امریسیم	Am		America		جای‌نام: the قاره آمریکا	Named for the Americas، because it was discovered in the United States (by analogy with یوروپیم) (the name of the continent قاره آمریکا is derived from the name of the Italian navigator آمریگو وسپوچی).
96	کوریم	Cm		Curie، Marie and Pierre		هم‌نام: پیر کوری and ماری کوری and the -um ending	Named in honour of ماری کوری and پیر کوری، who discovered رادیم and researched واپاشی هسته‌ای.
97	برکلیم	Bk	آنگلوساکسون via English	دانشگاه کالیفرنیا، برکلی		جای‌نام: برکلی، کالیفرنیا	Named for the دانشگاه کالیفرنیا، برکلی، where it was discovered. برکلی، کالیفرنیا، was named in honour of جرج بارکلی. "Berkeley" is derived from انگلیسی باستان beorce léah، which means birch lea.
98	کالیفرنیم	Cf	English	California		جای‌نام: کالیفرنیا	Named for California، the ایالت آمریکا of California and for the دانشگاه کالیفرنیا، برکلی. (The origin of the state's name is disputed.)
99	اینشتینیم	Es	زبان آلمانی	Einstein، Albert	German-Jewish surname، which means "one stone"	هم‌نام	Named in honour of آلبرت اینشتین، for his work on فیزیک نظری، which included the اثر فوتوالکتریک.
100	فرمیم	Fm	زبان ایتالیایی	Fermi، Enrico	Italian surname، from ferm- "fastener" and -i[60]	هم‌نام	Named in honour of انریکو فرمی، who developed the first رآکتور هسته‌ای، مکانیک کوانتومی، nuclear and particle physics، and مکانیک آماری.
101	مندلیفیم	Md		Mendeleyev، Dmitri		هم‌نام	Named in honour of دمیتری مندلیف، who invented جدول تناوبی.[61] It has also been called eka-thulium[21].
102	نوبلیم	No		Nobel، Alfred		هم‌نام	Named in honour of آلفرد نوبل، who invented دینامیت and instituted the جایزه نوبل foundation.
103	لارنسیم	Lr		Lawrence، Ernest O.		هم‌نام	Named in honour of ارنست لارنس، who was involved in the development of the شتاب‌دهنده حلقوی. The symbol has been Lr since 1963؛ formerly Lw was used.[22]
104	رادرفوردیم	Rf		Rutherford، Ernest		هم‌نام	Named in honour of Baron ارنست رادرفورد، who pioneered the نظریه اوربیتال مولکولی of the اتم. Rutherfordium has also been called kurchatovium (Ku)، named in honour of ایگور کورچاتوف، who helped develop understanding of the اورانیم واکنش زنجیره‌ای and the رآکتور هسته‌ای. Unnilquadium was used as a temporary نام سیستماتیک عنصر.[22]
105	دوبنیم	Db	زبان روسی	Дубна (Dubna)		جای‌نام	Named for دوبنا (مؤسسه مشترک تحقیقات هسته‌ای، اتحاد جماهیر شوروی سوسیالیستی) where it was discovered. Researchers at the University of California، Berkeley proposed hahnium (Ha)، in honour of اتو هان، for his pioneering work in واپاشی هسته‌ای and پرتوشیمی، but the proposal was rejected. Unnilpentium was used as a temporary نام سیستماتیک عنصر.[22]
106	سیبورگیم	Sg	زبان سوئدی via English	Seaborg، Glenn Teodor	Swedish surname، literally: "Lake Mountain"	هم‌نام	Named in honour of گلن سیبورگ، who discovered the chemistry of the عنصرهای فرااورانیم، shared in the discovery and isolation of ten elements، and developed and proposed the آکتینیدها. Other names: eka-tungsten[21] and temporarily by IUPAC unnilhexium (Unh).[22]
107	بوهریم	Bh		Bohr، Niels		هم‌نام: نیلز بور	Named in honour of نیلز بور، who made fundamental contributions to the understanding of اتم and مکانیک کوانتومی.[22] Unnilseptium was used as a temporary نام سیستماتیک عنصر.
108	هاسیم	Hs	Latin	Hassia	Hesse	جای‌نام	Derived from Latin Hassia، which means هسن، the German state where it was discovered (at the مرکز تحقیقات یون سنگین GSI هلمهولتز، دارمشتات).[22] It has also been called eka-osmium[21] and temporarily by IUPAC unniloctium (Uno).
109	مایتنریم	Mt		Meitner، Lise		هم‌نام	Named in honour of لیزه مایتنر، who shared discovery of شکافت هسته‌ای.[22] It has also been called eka-iridium[21] and temporarily by IUPAC unnilennium (Une).
110	دارمشتادیم	Ds	German	Darmstadt	proper name، literally: "intestine city"	جای‌نام	Named for دارمشتات، where it was discovered (مرکز تحقیقات یون سنگین GSI هلمهولتز، located in Wixhausen، a small suburb north of Darmstadt). It has also been called eka-platinum and temporarily by IUPAC ununnilium (Uun).[21][62]
111	رونتگنیم	Rg		Röntgen، Wilhelm Conrad		هم‌نام	Named in honour of ویلهلم رونتگن، who produced and detected پرتو ایکسs. It has also been called eka-gold[21] and temporarily by IUPAC unununium (Uuu).
112	کوپرنیسیم	Cn	زبان لهستانی via Latin	Copernicus، Nicolaus	Polish surname، literally: "copper nickel"	هم‌نام: نیکلاس کوپرنیک	Named in honour of نیکلاس کوپرنیک. Ununbium was used as a temporary نام سیستماتیک عنصر، and it was referred to as eka-mercury.
113	نیهونیم	Nh	زبان ژاپنی	日本 (Nihon)	Japan	جای‌نام	Named after ژاپن، where the element was discovered. It has also been called eka-thallium[21] and temporarily by IUPAC ununtrium (Uut).
114	فلروویم	Fl	Russian	Flerov، Georgy	Russian surname	هم‌نام	Named in honour of گئورگی فلروف، who was at the forefront of Soviet فیزیک هسته‌ای and founder of the مؤسسه مشترک تحقیقات هسته‌ای in دوبنا، روسیه، where the element was discovered. Ununquadium was used as a temporary نام سیستماتیک عنصر.
115	مسکوویم	Mc	Latin	Moscovia	مسکو	جای‌نام	Named after استان مسکو، where the element was discovered. It has also been called eka-bismuth[21] and temporarily by IUPAC ununpentium (Uup).
116	لیورموریوم	Lv	English	American surname		جای‌نام	Named in honour of آزمایشگاه ملی لارنس لیورمور، which collaborated in the discovery and is in لیورمور، کالیفرنیا، in turn named after the rancher Robert Livermore. Ununhexium was used as a temporary نام سیستماتیک عنصر.
117	تنسین	Ts	زبان چروکی via زبان انگلیسی	Tennessee	تنسی	جای‌نام	Named after تنسی (itself named after the Cherokee village of ᏔᎾᏏ /tanasi/)، where important work for one of the steps to synthesise the element was done. It has also been called eka-astatine[21] and temporarily by IUPAC ununseptium (Uus).
118	اوگانسون	Og	زبان روسی	Оганесян (Oganessian)	یوری اوگانسیان	هم‌نام	Named after یوری اوگانسیان، a great contributor to the field of synthesizing superheavy elements. It has also been called eka-radon[21] and temporarily by IUPAC ununoctium (Uuo).

منابع

1. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
2. Some elements (particularly ancient elements) were associated with Greek (or Roman or other) gods or people، in اساطیر یونانی (or other mythology)، and with سیارهs (or other objects in the منظومه شمسی)، such as مرکوری (اسطوره‌شناسی) – عطارد – جیوه، etc.
   Also، astrological symbols for the planets were often used as symbols for the ancient elements.
3. At one time، beryllium was called glucinium، which is from Greek γλυκύς (glykys)، which means "sweet"، due to the sweet taste of its salts.
4. "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: beryl". Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
5. "Beryl in Online Etymological Dictionary، accessed March 9، 2010". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
6. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
7. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
8. Nitrogen، The pure gas is inert enough that Antoine Lavoisier referred to it as "azote"، meaning "without life"، since animals placed in it died of asphyxiation. This term became the French for nitrogen and later spread to many other languages.
9. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
10. "soda". soda. Online Etymology Dictionary.
11. In Middle Ages Europe، sodanum is the Latin name of "a compound of sodium".
12. Vygus, Mark (April 2012). Vygus dictionary (PDF). p. 1546.
13. "Aluminum in Online Etymological Dictionary، accessed March 9، 2010". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
14. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
15. Mallory & Adams (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world، Oxford University Press
16. هارپر، دوگلاس. "Sulfur". واژه‌نامه ریشه‌شناسی زبان انگلیسی برخط.
17. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
18. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
19. هارپر، دوگلاس. "Potassium". واژه‌نامه ریشه‌شناسی زبان انگلیسی برخط.
20. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
21. Previous to the discovery of some unknown elements، Prof. دمیتری مندلیف predicted and described most of their properties; with these، he was able to accurately place them in the gaps in his جدول تناوبی. The properties of four predicted elements، eka-boron (Eb)، eka-aluminium (El)، eka-manganese (Em)، and eka-silicon (Es)، proved to be good predictors of اسکاندیم، گالیم، تکنسیم and ژرمانیم، respectively. The prefix eka-، from the زبان سانسکریت، means "one" (one place down from a known element in the table)، and is sometimes used in discussions about undiscovered elements. For example، untriennium was referred to as eka-actinium. see also: عناصر پیش‌بینی‌شده توسط مندلیف
22. see naming controversy below
23. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
24. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
25. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
26. Nickel in Online Etymological Dictionary. Retrieved December 12، 2008.
27. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
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30. Gemoll W، Vretska K (1997). Griechisch-Deutsches Schul- und Handwörterbuch (Greek–German dictionary)، 9th ed. öbvhpt. ISBN 3-209-00108-1.
31. Pearse, Roger (2002-09-16). "Syriac Literature". Retrieved 2008-02-11.
32. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
33. Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996-01-01). A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802078209.
34. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
35. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
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37. Tin – The American Heritage Dictionary
38. "Antimony | Define Antimony at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
39. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
40. Vygus, Mark (April 2012). Vygus dictionary (PDF). p. 1409.
41. Antimony،
    • LSJ ، s.v.، vocalisation، spelling، and declension vary; Endlich; Celsus، 6.6.6 ff; Pliny Natural History 33.33; Lewis and Short: Latin Dictionary. OED، s. antimony.
    • stimmi is used by the Attic tragic poets of the 5th century BC. Later Greeks also used στίβι (stibi)، which is written in Latin by آلوس کورنلیوس سلسوس and پلینیوس in the first century AD. Pliny also names stimi [کذا]، larbaris، رخام گچی (Greek: ἀλάβαστρον)، "very common platyophthalmos (πλατυόφθαλμος)"، "wide-eye" in Greek (the description refers to the effects of the cosmetic). In Egyptian hieroglyphics، mśdmt; the vowels are uncertain، but in Coptic and according to an Arabic tradition، it is pronounced mesdemet (Albright; Sarton، quotes Meyerhof، the translator). In Arabic، the word for powdered stibnite is سرمه.
42. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
43. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
44. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
45. Mike Campbell. "Meaning، Origin and History of the Name Ceres". Behind the Name. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
46. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
47. Neodymium is frequently misspelled as neodynium
48. The ancient Greek derivation of Prometheus from the Greek πρό pro ("before") + μανθάνω manthano ("learn")، thus "forethought"، which engendered a contrasting brother اپیمتئوس ("afterthought")، was a ریشه‌شناسی عامیانه; it is succinctly expressed in Servius' commentary on Virgil، Eclogue 6.42: "Prometheus vir prudentissimus fuit، unde etiam Prometheus dictus est ἀπὸ τής πρόμηθείας، id est a providentia." Modern scientific linguistics suggests that the name derived from the Proto-Indo-European root that also produces the سانسکریت ودایی pra math، "to steal،" hence pramathyu-s، "thief"، هم‌خانواده with "Prometheus"، the thief of fire. The Vedic myth of fire's theft by Mātariśvan is an analog to the Greek account. Pramantha was the tool used to create fire. See: Fortson، Benjamin W. (2004). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing، p. 27.; Williamson (2004)، The Longing for Myth in Germany، 214–15; Dougherty، Carol (2006). Prometheus. p. 4.
49. "Thule in Wordnik، accessed March 9، 2010". Wordnik.com. Archived from the original on October 4، 2013. Retrieved 2011-01-02. Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
50. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
51. Woods, Ian (2004). The Elements: Platinum. The Elements. Benchmark Books. ISBN 978-0-7614-1550-3.
52. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
53. Gold in زبان سانسکریت is ज्वल jval; in Greek، χρυσός (khrusos); in Chinese، 金 (jīn).
54. Mercury – The Indian کیمیا called Rassayana، which means "the way of mercury".
55. Lead، Lead was mentioned in the Book of Exodus. Alchemy believed that lead was the oldest metal and associated the element with Saturn.
56. Astatine، An earlier proposed name for astatine was alabamine (Ab)
57. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
58. Protactinium; In 1913، کازیمیرز فاجانس and Otto H. Göhring identified and named element 91 brevium، from Latin brevis، which means "brief، short"; protactinium has a short half-life. The name was changed to "protoactinium" in 1918 and shortened to protactinium in 1949.
59. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
60. Derived from a Latin masculine genitive.
61. Mendelevium، "Mendeleyev" commonly spelt as Mendeleev، Mendeléef، or Mendelejeff، and first name sometimes spelt as Dmitry or Dmitriy
62. Darmstadtium، Some humorous scientists suggested the name policium، because 110 is the emergency telephone number for the German police.